Human Mitotic Chromosomes

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <script type="text/javascript"> //OwnerIQ var __oiq_pct = 50; if( __oiq_pct>=100 || Math.floor(Math.random()*100/(100-__oiq_pct)) > 0 ) { var _oiqq = _oiqq || []; _oiqq.push(['oiq_addPageBrand','Lycos']); _oiqq.push(['oiq_addPageCat','Internet > Websites']); _oiqq.push(['oiq_addPageLifecycle','Intend']); _oiqq.push(['oiq_doTag']); (function() { var oiq = document.createElement('script'); oiq.type = 'text/javascript'; oiq.async = true; oiq.src = document.location.protocol + '//px.owneriq.net/stas/s/lycosn.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(oiq, s); })(); } //Google Analytics var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount','UA-21402695-19']); _gaq.push(['_setDomainName','tripod.com']); _gaq.push(['_setCustomVar',1,'member_name','f.k.ruzicka',3]); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); //Lycos Init function getReferrer() { var all= this.document.cookie; if (all== '') return false; var cookie_name = 'REFERRER='; var start = all.lastIndexOf(cookie_name); if (start == -1) return false; start += cookie_name.length; var end = all.indexOf(';', start); if (end == -1) end = all.length; return all.substring(start, end); } function getQuery() { var rfr = getReferrer(); if (rfr == '') return false; var q = extractQuery(rfr, 'yahoo.com', 'p='); if (q) return q; q = extractQuery(rfr, '', 'q='); return q ? q : ""; } function extractQuery(full, site, q_param) { var start = full.lastIndexOf(site); if (start == -1) return false; start = full.lastIndexOf(q_param); if (start == -1) return false; start += q_param.length; var end = full.indexOf('&', start); if (end == -1) end = full.length; return unescape(full.substring(start, end)).split(" ").join("+"); } function generateHref(atag, template){ atag.href=template.replace('_MYURL_', window.location.href.replace('http://', '')).replace('_MYTITLE_','Check%20out%20this%20Tripod%20Member%20site!'); } var lycos_ad = Array(); var lycos_onload_timer; var cm_role = "live"; var cm_host = "tripod.lycos.com"; var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded"; var tripod_member_name = "f.k.ruzicka"; var tripod_member_page = "f.k.ruzicka/id20.htm"; var tripod_ratings_hash = "1679898338:03e2f56df4cd672c5ae18a35b3434443"; var lycos_ad_category = {"find_what":"hotel @ mit"}; var lycos_ad_remote_addr = "34.239.173.144"; var lycos_ad_www_server = "www.tripod.lycos.com"; var lycos_ad_track_small = ""; var lycos_ad_track_served = ""; var lycos_search_query = getQuery(); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://scripts.lycos.com/catman/init.js"></script> <script type='text/javascript'> var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; (function() { var gads = document.createElement('script'); gads.async = true; gads.type = 'text/javascript'; var useSSL = 'https:' == document.location.protocol; gads.src = (useSSL ? 'https:' : 'http:') + '//www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js'; var node = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; node.parentNode.insertBefore(gads, node); })(); </script> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.defineSlot('/95963596/TRI_300X250_dfp', [300, 250], 'div-gpt-ad-1450204159126-0').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/95963596/TRI_above_728x90_dfp', [728, 90], 'div-gpt-ad-1450204159126-1').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/95963596/TRI_below_728x90_dfp', [728, 90], 'div-gpt-ad-1450204159126-2').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> (function(isV) { if( !isV ) { return; } var adMgr = new AdManager(); var lycos_prod_set = adMgr.chooseProductSet(); var slots = ["leaderboard", "leaderboard2", "toolbar_image", "toolbar_text", "smallbox", "top_promo", "footer2", "slider"]; var adCat = this.lycos_ad_category; adMgr.setForcedParam('page', (adCat && adCat.dmoz) ? adCat.dmoz : 'member'); if (this.lycos_search_query) { adMgr.setForcedParam("keyword", this.lycos_search_query); } else if(adCat && adCat.find_what) { adMgr.setForcedParam('keyword', adCat.find_what); } for (var s in slots) { var slot = slots[s]; if (adMgr.isSlotAvailable(slot)) { this.lycos_ad[slot] = adMgr.getSlot(slot); } } adMgr.renderHeader(); adMgr.renderFooter(); }((function() { var w = 0, h = 0, minimumThreshold = 300; if (top == self) { return true; } if (typeof(window.innerWidth) == 'number' ) { w = window.innerWidth; h = window.innerHeight; } else if (document.documentElement && (document.documentElement.clientWidth || document.documentElement.clientHeight)) { w = document.documentElement.clientWidth; h = document.documentElement.clientHeight; } else if (document.body && (document.body.clientWidth || document.body.clientHeight)) { w = document.body.clientWidth; h = document.body.clientHeight; } return ((w > minimumThreshold) && (h > minimumThreshold)); }()))); window.onload = function() { var f = document.getElementById("FooterAd"); var b = document.getElementsByTagName("body")[0]; b.appendChild(f); f.style.display = "block"; document.getElementById('lycosFooterAdiFrame').src = '/adm/ad/footerAd.iframe.html'; // DOM Inj Ad (function(isTrellix) { var e = document.createElement('iframe'); e.style.border = '0'; e.style.margin = 0; e.style.display = 'block'; e.style.cssFloat = 'right'; e.style.height = '254px'; e.style.overflow = 'hidden'; e.style.padding = 0; e.style.width = '300px'; var isBlokedByDomain = function( href ) { var blockedDomains = [ "ananyaporn13000.tripod.com", "xxxpornxxx.tripod.com" ]; var flag = false; for( var i=0; i<blockedDomains.length; i++ ) { if( href.search( blockedDomains[ i ] ) >= 0 ) { flag = true; } } return flag; } var getMetaContent = function( metaName ) { var metas = document.getElementsByTagName('meta'); for (i=0; i<metas.length; i++) { if( metas[i].getAttribute("name") == metaName ) { return metas[i].getAttribute("content"); } } return false; } var getCommentNodes = function(regexPattern) { var nodes = {}; var nodesA = []; var preferredNodesList = ['a', 'c', 'b']; (function getNodesThatHaveComments(n, pattern) { if (n.hasChildNodes()) { if (n.tagName === 'IFRAME') { return false; } for (var i = 0; i < n.childNodes.length; i++) { if ((n.childNodes[i].nodeType === 8) && (pattern.test(n.childNodes[i].nodeValue))) { var areaName = pattern.exec(n.childNodes[i].nodeValue)[1]; nodes[areaName] = n; } else if (n.childNodes[i].nodeType === 1) { getNodesThatHaveComments(n.childNodes[i], pattern); } } } }(document.body, regexPattern)); for (var i in preferredNodesList) { if (nodes[preferredNodesList[i]]) { if( isTrellix && nodes[preferredNodesList[i]].parentNode.parentNode.parentNode.parentNode ) { nodesA.push(nodes[preferredNodesList[i]].parentNode.parentNode.parentNode.parentNode); } else { nodesA.push( nodes[preferredNodesList[i]] ); } } } return nodesA; } var properNode = null; var areaNodes = getCommentNodes( new RegExp( '^area Type="area_(\\w+)"' ) ); for (var i = 0; i < areaNodes.length; i++) { var a = parseInt(getComputedStyle(areaNodes[i]).width); if ((a >= 300) && (a <= 400)) { properNode = areaNodes[i]; break; } } var propertyName = getMetaContent("property") || false; if( isTrellix && (properNode) ) { e.src = '/adm/ad/injectAd.iframe.html'; properNode.insertBefore(e, properNode.firstChild); } else if( isTrellix && !( properNode ) ) // Slap the ad eventhought there is no alocated slot { e.src = '/adm/ad/injectAd.iframe.html'; e.style.cssFloat = 'none'; var cdiv = document.createElement('div'); cdiv.style = "width:300px;margin:10px auto;"; cdiv.appendChild( e ); b.insertBefore(cdiv, b.lastChild); } else if( !isBlokedByDomain( location.href ) ) { var injF = document.createElement('iframe'); injF.style.border = '0'; injF.style.margin = 0; injF.style.display = 'block'; injF.style.cssFloat = 'none'; injF.style.height = '254px'; injF.style.overflow = 'hidden'; injF.style.padding = 0; injF.style.width = '300px'; injF.src = '/adm/ad/injectAd.iframe.html'; if( b && ( !isTrellix || ( typeof isTrellix == "undefined" ) ) ) // All other tripod props { var cdiv = document.createElement('div'); cdiv.style = "width:300px;margin:10px auto;"; cdiv.appendChild( injF ); b.insertBefore(cdiv, b.lastChild); } } }( document.isTrellix )); } </script> <div id="tb_container" style="background:#DFDCCF; border-bottom:1px solid #393939; position:relative; z-index:999999999!important">  <style> .adCenterClass{margin:0 auto} </style> <div id="tb_ad" class="adCenterClass" style="display:block!important; overflow:hidden; width:916px;"> <div id="ad_container" style="display:block!important; float:left; width:728px "> <script type="text/javascript"> if (typeof lycos_ad !== "undefined" && "leaderboard" in lycos_ad) { document.write(lycos_ad['leaderboard']); } </script> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> if (typeof lycos_ad !== "undefined" && "slider" in lycos_ad) { document.write(lycos_ad['slider']); } </script>  <div id="FooterAd" style="background:#DFDCCF; border-top:1px solid #393939; clear:both; display:none; width:100%!important; position:relative; z-index:999999!important; height:90px!important"> <div class="adCenterClass" style="display:block!important; overflow:hidden; width:916px;"> <div id="footerAd_container" style="display:block!important; float:left; width:728px"> <iframe id="lycosFooterAdiFrame" style="border:0; display:block; float:left; height:96px; overflow:hidden; padding:0; width:750px"></iframe> </div> </div> </div> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0 height="100%"><tr> <td valign="top" width=200 BGCOLOR="#FFCC80" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="04c8e8e3.jpg"> <div> <IMG SRC="4119a9a0.jpg" border=0 width="154" height="154" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> Die hier gezeigte Chromosomenpräparation ist eine von mir in die Elektronenmikroskopie neu eingeführte Methode</div> </td> <td valign="top" BGCOLOR="#FF9900" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="04d00c82dwnjbj.jpg"> <div> <FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" ><B>Mikroskopie Imkerei Garten Fotografie Video Ahnenforschung</b></FONT> <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#3366FF" FACE="Arial" > </FONT>   |     <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#CC0000" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Mikroskopie Imkerei Garten Fotografie Vi"><U>home</U></A></FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="id3.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Angewandte Mikroskopie"><U>Angewandte Mikroskopie</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id15.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Veranstaltungen"><U>Veranstaltungen</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id16.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Publikationen"><U>Publikationen</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id18.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Honey Bee Viruses and Varroa jacobsoni"><U>Honey Bee Viruses and Varroa jacobsoni</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id19.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Dental Calculus"><U>Dental Calculus</U></A>   |   Human  Mitotic Chromosomes   |   <A HREF="id4.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Wale der Pflanzenwelt"><U>"Wale" der Pflanzenwelt</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id54.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Blutkörperchen"><U>Blutkörperchen</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id55.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Zieralgen"><U>Zieralgen</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id6.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Pollen, Protozoen,..."><U>Pollen, Protozoen,...</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id53.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Schneekristalle, Insekten,..."><U>Schneekristalle, Insekten,...</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id22.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Mein Hobby Imkerei"><U>Mein Hobby Imkerei</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id23.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Mein Hobby Garten "><U>Mein Hobby Garten </U></A>   |   <A HREF="id57.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Mein Hobby Gerätetauchen"><U>Mein Hobby Gerätetauchen</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id58.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Mein Hobby Orchideen"><U>Mein Hobby Orchideen</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id2.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Mein Lebenslauf"><U>Mein Lebenslauf</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id21.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Familie Dr.Ruzicka ab 1700"><U>Familie Dr.Ruzicka ab 1700</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id207.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Der Familienname Ruzicka"><U>Der Familienname Ruzicka</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id24.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Favoriten"><U>Favoriten</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id17.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Kontakt"><U>Kontakt</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id216.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Banner"><U>Banner</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id217.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Links"><U>Links</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id218.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Krebs"><U>Krebs</U></A></div> <div> Human  Mitotic Chromosomes</div> <div> by F.Ruzicka</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Introduction</b></div> <div>    In spite of many previous efforts, the ultrastructural organization of chromosomes is still not fully understood. As long as the knowledge of the ultrastructure of chromosomes remains incomplete, it will not be possible to understood their complex functions. Such knowledge will be especially important in interpreting pathological changes.</div> <bR> <div> <B>G-band technique</b></div> <div> <B>  </b><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >We were interested in examining chromosomes by a combination of both light and electron microscopic techniques in order to determine the changes occurring during the various stages of banding technique.</FONT></div> <div>    We found that G-band regions have a higher contrast in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) because of the thickness and close arrangement of the fibrils in these regions.</div> <div>    A comparison of the appearance of chromosomes after the different staining steps shows that before the banding technique primary and secondary coils are clearly visible. These coils are disturbed after the first step- namely treatment with NaOH, and a fibrillar ultrastructur of the chromosomes is only apparent after the final step, staining with Giemsa.</div> <div>    The exact reproducibility of these G-bands suggests that they are real structures, and therefore that the relationship between the spiralisation pattern and the position of heterochromatin within the chromatid must remain constant.</div> <div>     Our results strengthen the assumption that some of the secundary coils fuse to form the bands.</div> <bR> <div> <B>Chromosome model</b><FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" ><B> </b></FONT></div> <div> <B>  </b><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >From the above findings, the following three groups of structures may be distinguished:</FONT></div> <div> 1. A molecular level comprising the DNA double helix and attached histones and acid proteins (ny-bodies)</div> <div> 2. Fibrils or bundles of fibrils as well as the position of the DNA-helix in the fibrils.</div> <div> 3. The spiral organisation of the chromatids.</div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="id50.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Chromosomes"><U><IMG SRC="3b6605e0.jpg" border=0 width="96" height="94" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A>  <A HREF="id51.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Chromosomes"><U><IMG SRC="3b760560.jpg" border=0 width="96" height="86" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A>  <A HREF="id52.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Chromosome"><U><IMG SRC="3b860560.jpg" border=0 width="96" height="86" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">F.Ruzicka: Eine Methode zur Darstellung bestimmter Mitosen im Licht-und Elektronenmikroskop - ein Zielpräparationsverfahren. Mikroskopie 29, 109-115, 1973</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">F.Ruzicka: Über die Primärwindungen menschlicher Chromosomen. Humangenetik 20, 335 - 341, 1973</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">F.Ruzicka: Organisation of Human Chromosomes. Humangenetik 23, 1 - 22, 1974</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">F.Ruzicka et al.: The Ultrastructure of Human Mitotic Chromosomes and Interphase Nuclei Treated by Giemsa Banding Techniques. Chromosoma 46, 443 - 454, 1974</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">F.Ruzicka et al.: Electron Microscopy of Human Banded and Prematurely Condensed Chromosomes. In: Chromosomes Today 5, 227 - 234. John Wilby & Sons New York - Jerusalem 1976</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">F.Ruzicka: G-Banding of Chromosomes. In: Principles and Techniques of Electron Microscopy (ed. Hayat) 144 - 162, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company New York - Cincinnati - London - Atlanta - Toronto - Dallas - San Francisco 1977</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>